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Ballance 2026-08-24 14:09:36 -04:00
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<title>House Lighting, Full Wiring (transistor build)</title>
<style>
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</style>
<div class="wrap">
<h1>House Lighting, full wiring (transistor build)</h1>
<p class="sub">4 zones · PN2222 low-side switch per zone · Arduino Uno R3 · 5V USB · <code>townhouse_lights.ino</code></p>
<div class="card scroll">
<svg viewBox="0 0 1000 640" role="img" aria-label="Full system wiring diagram">
<!-- ===== RAILS ===== -->
<line class="w5" x1="60" y1="70" x2="980" y2="70"/>
<text class="lbl" x="300" y="62" fill="var(--red)">+5V rail</text>
<line class="wg" x1="60" y1="590" x2="980" y2="590"/>
<text class="lbl" x="300" y="608">GND rail</text>
<!-- ===== POWER INPUT (top-left) ===== -->
<rect class="chip" x="40" y="120" width="96" height="30" rx="4"/>
<text class="sm" x="48" y="139">USB bank 5V</text>
<rect class="chip" x="40" y="162" width="96" height="26" rx="4"/>
<text class="sm" x="46" y="179">USB (bench)</text>
<!-- master switch on bank +line -->
<line class="w5" x1="136" y1="132" x2="160" y2="132"/>
<circle class="node" cx="160" cy="132" r="3"/><line class="w5" x1="163" y1="130" x2="182" y2="120"/>
<circle class="node" cx="185" cy="132" r="3"/><text class="sm" x="150" y="115">master sw</text>
<line class="w5" x1="185" y1="132" x2="208" y2="132"/>
<!-- diode OR -->
<polygon points="208,124 224,132 208,140" fill="none" stroke="var(--red)" stroke-width="2"/>
<line x1="224" y1="124" x2="224" y2="140" stroke="var(--red)" stroke-width="2"/>
<line class="w5" x1="224" y1="132" x2="250" y2="132"/>
<line class="w5" x1="136" y1="175" x2="208" y2="175"/>
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<line x1="224" y1="167" x2="224" y2="183" stroke="var(--red)" stroke-width="2"/>
<line class="w5" x1="224" y1="175" x2="250" y2="175"/>
<line class="w5" x1="250" y1="132" x2="250" y2="175"/>
<circle class="node" cx="250" cy="132" r="3"/>
<line class="w5" x1="250" y1="132" x2="250" y2="70"/>
<text class="sm" x="196" y="200">MBR030 diode-OR → rail</text>
<!-- GND from bank -->
<line class="wg" x1="88" y1="150" x2="88" y2="590"/>
<circle class="node" cx="88" cy="590" r="3"/>
<line class="wg" x1="88" y1="188" x2="88" y2="200"/>
<!-- ===== ARDUINO ===== -->
<rect class="chip" x="40" y="250" width="120" height="230" rx="8"/>
<text class="lbl" x="70" y="242">Arduino Uno</text>
<!-- 5V/GND to rails -->
<text class="sm" x="50" y="285">5V</text>
<line class="w5" x1="160" y1="280" x2="180" y2="280"/><line class="w5" x1="180" y1="280" x2="180" y2="70"/>
<circle class="node" cx="180" cy="70" r="3"/>
<text class="sm" x="46" y="474">GND</text>
<line class="wg" x1="100" y1="480" x2="100" y2="590"/>
<circle class="node" cx="100" cy="480" r="3"/><circle class="node" cx="100" cy="590" r="3"/>
<!-- signal pins -->
<text class="sm" x="120" y="320">D3</text><circle class="node" cx="160" cy="315" r="3"/>
<text class="sm" x="120" y="350">D5</text><circle class="node" cx="160" cy="345" r="3"/>
<text class="sm" x="120" y="380">D6</text><circle class="node" cx="160" cy="375" r="3"/>
<text class="sm" x="120" y="410">D9</text><circle class="node" cx="160" cy="405" r="3"/>
<text class="sm" x="120" y="440">D2</text><circle class="node" cx="160" cy="435" r="3"/>
<text class="sm" x="120" y="468">D4</text><circle class="node" cx="160" cy="463" r="3"/>
<!-- ===== BUTTONS: D2 scene, D4 section ===== -->
<line class="wire" x1="160" y1="435" x2="210" y2="435"/>
<rect class="chip" x="210" y="424" width="34" height="22" rx="4"/><text class="sm" x="214" y="439">BTN</text>
<line class="wg" x1="244" y1="435" x2="270" y2="435"/>
<text class="sm" x="278" y="431">scene (D2)</text>
<line class="wire" x1="160" y1="463" x2="210" y2="463"/>
<rect class="chip" x="210" y="452" width="34" height="22" rx="4"/><text class="sm" x="214" y="467">BTN</text>
<line class="wg" x1="244" y1="463" x2="270" y2="463"/>
<text class="sm" x="278" y="467">section (D4)</text>
<line class="wg" x1="270" y1="435" x2="270" y2="590"/>
<circle class="node" cx="270" cy="463" r="3"/><circle class="node" cx="270" cy="590" r="3"/>
<!-- ===== ZONE STAGES ===== -->
<!-- each: 2 LED branches (rep) + count, transistor, base from pin via 1k -->
<!-- GF cx=430 D3 y315 Q1 -->
<g>
<!-- branches -->
<line class="w5" x1="414" y1="70" x2="414" y2="96"/><circle class="node" cx="414" cy="70" r="2.5"/>
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<line class="wire" x1="414" y1="116" x2="414" y2="132"/>
<rect class="chip" x="398" y="132" width="32" height="34" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="401" y="153">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="414" y1="166" x2="414" y2="360"/>
<line class="w5" x1="446" y1="70" x2="446" y2="96"/><circle class="node" cx="446" cy="70" r="2.5"/>
<polygon points="436,96 456,96 446,116" fill="none" stroke="var(--amber)" stroke-width="2"/>
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<line class="wire" x1="446" y1="116" x2="446" y2="132"/>
<rect class="chip" x="430" y="132" width="32" height="34" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="433" y="153">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="446" y1="166" x2="446" y2="360"/>
<line class="wire" x1="414" y1="360" x2="446" y2="360"/>
<text class="zn" x="404" y="210">GF · Q1</text><text class="sm" x="404" y="226">×2 LEDs</text>
<!-- transistor -->
<line class="wire" x1="430" y1="360" x2="430" y2="392"/>
<circle class="chip" cx="430" cy="422" r="28"/><text class="sm" x="418" y="426">Q1</text>
<line class="wg" x1="430" y1="450" x2="430" y2="590"/><circle class="node" cx="430" cy="590" r="2.5"/>
<text class="sm" x="438" y="470">E</text><text class="sm" x="438" y="392">C</text>
<!-- base from D3 -->
<line class="wsig" x1="160" y1="315" x2="335" y2="315"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="335" y1="315" x2="335" y2="422"/>
<rect class="chip" x="360" y="412" width="34" height="20" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="363" y="426">1kΩ</text>
<line class="wsig" x1="335" y1="422" x2="360" y2="422"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="394" y1="422" x2="402" y2="422"/>
</g>
<!-- UP cx=600 D5 y345 Q2 -->
<g>
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<polygon points="574,96 594,96 584,116" fill="none" stroke="var(--amber)" stroke-width="2"/>
<line x1="574" y1="116" x2="594" y2="116" stroke="var(--amber)" stroke-width="2.3"/>
<line class="wire" x1="584" y1="116" x2="584" y2="132"/>
<rect class="chip" x="568" y="132" width="32" height="34" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="571" y="153">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="584" y1="166" x2="584" y2="360"/>
<line class="w5" x1="616" y1="70" x2="616" y2="96"/><circle class="node" cx="616" cy="70" r="2.5"/>
<polygon points="606,96 626,96 616,116" fill="none" stroke="var(--amber)" stroke-width="2"/>
<line x1="606" y1="116" x2="626" y2="116" stroke="var(--amber)" stroke-width="2.3"/>
<line class="wire" x1="616" y1="116" x2="616" y2="132"/>
<rect class="chip" x="600" y="132" width="32" height="34" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="603" y="153">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="616" y1="166" x2="616" y2="360"/>
<line class="wire" x1="584" y1="360" x2="616" y2="360"/>
<text class="zn" x="574" y="210">UP · Q2</text><text class="sm" x="574" y="226">×3 LEDs</text>
<line class="wire" x1="600" y1="360" x2="600" y2="392"/>
<circle class="chip" cx="600" cy="422" r="28"/><text class="sm" x="588" y="426">Q2</text>
<line class="wg" x1="600" y1="450" x2="600" y2="590"/><circle class="node" cx="600" cy="590" r="2.5"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="160" y1="345" x2="505" y2="345"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="505" y1="345" x2="505" y2="422"/>
<rect class="chip" x="530" y="412" width="34" height="20" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="533" y="426">1kΩ</text>
<line class="wsig" x1="505" y1="422" x2="530" y2="422"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="564" y1="422" x2="572" y2="422"/>
</g>
<!-- EXT cx=770 D6 y375 Q3 (5 LEDs, draw 2 + note) -->
<g>
<line class="w5" x1="754" y1="70" x2="754" y2="96"/><circle class="node" cx="754" cy="70" r="2.5"/>
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<line class="wire" x1="754" y1="116" x2="754" y2="132"/>
<rect class="chip" x="738" y="132" width="32" height="34" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="741" y="153">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="754" y1="166" x2="754" y2="360"/>
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<rect class="chip" x="770" y="132" width="32" height="34" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="773" y="153">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="786" y1="166" x2="786" y2="360"/>
<line class="wire" x1="754" y1="360" x2="786" y2="360"/>
<text class="zn" x="744" y="210">EXT · Q3</text><text class="sm" x="744" y="226">×5 LEDs</text>
<line class="wire" x1="770" y1="360" x2="770" y2="392"/>
<circle class="chip" cx="770" cy="422" r="28"/><text class="sm" x="758" y="426">Q3</text>
<line class="wg" x1="770" y1="450" x2="770" y2="590"/><circle class="node" cx="770" cy="590" r="2.5"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="160" y1="375" x2="675" y2="375"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="675" y1="375" x2="675" y2="422"/>
<rect class="chip" x="700" y="412" width="34" height="20" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="703" y="426">1kΩ</text>
<line class="wsig" x1="675" y1="422" x2="700" y2="422"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="734" y1="422" x2="742" y2="422"/>
</g>
<!-- FIRE cx=930 D9 y405 Q4 (1 LED) -->
<g>
<line class="w5" x1="930" y1="70" x2="930" y2="96"/><circle class="node" cx="930" cy="70" r="2.5"/>
<polygon points="920,96 940,96 930,116" fill="none" stroke="var(--red)" stroke-width="2"/>
<line x1="920" y1="116" x2="940" y2="116" stroke="var(--red)" stroke-width="2.3"/>
<line class="wire" x1="930" y1="116" x2="930" y2="132"/>
<rect class="chip" x="914" y="132" width="32" height="34" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="917" y="153">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="930" y1="166" x2="930" y2="360"/>
<text class="zn" x="906" y="210">FIRE · Q4</text><text class="sm" x="912" y="226">×1 LED</text>
<text class="sm" x="906" y="242" fill="var(--red)">RED · flicker</text>
<line class="wire" x1="930" y1="360" x2="930" y2="392"/>
<circle class="chip" cx="930" cy="422" r="28"/><text class="sm" x="918" y="426">Q4</text>
<line class="wg" x1="930" y1="450" x2="930" y2="590"/><circle class="node" cx="930" cy="590" r="2.5"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="160" y1="405" x2="845" y2="405"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="845" y1="405" x2="845" y2="422"/>
<rect class="chip" x="860" y="412" width="34" height="20" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="863" y="426">1kΩ</text>
<line class="wsig" x1="845" y1="422" x2="860" y2="422"/>
<line class="wsig" x1="894" y1="422" x2="902" y2="422"/>
</g>
</svg>
<div class="key">
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--red)"></span>+5V</span>
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--line)"></span>wire / GND</span>
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--slate);border-top-style:dashed"></span>signal (PWM → base)</span>
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--amber)"></span>LED (warm white)</span>
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--red)"></span>FIRE = red LED</span>
<span>· crossing lines with no dot = not connected</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card scroll">
<strong>Running the wire, shared buses, not home-runs</strong>
<p class="sm" style="margin:6px 0 12px">One <code>+5V</code> wire snakes past every fixture (shared by all zones).
Each zone has one <code>return</code> wire back to its transistor. Every LED just bridges the two nearest buses.</p>
<svg viewBox="0 0 900 330" role="img" aria-label="Bus wiring: shared +5V, per-zone returns">
<!-- +5V bus -->
<line class="w5" x1="40" y1="50" x2="860" y2="50"/>
<text class="lbl" x="40" y="42" fill="var(--red)">+5V bus, shared by ALL fixtures</text>
<!-- GF return bus (green) -->
<line x1="40" y1="210" x2="660" y2="210" stroke="var(--grn)" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/>
<text class="sm" x="666" y="214" fill="var(--grn)">GF return → Q1</text>
<!-- EXT return bus (slate) -->
<line x1="40" y1="270" x2="800" y2="270" stroke="var(--slate)" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/>
<text class="sm" x="666" y="288" fill="var(--slate)">EXT return → Q3</text>
<!-- board hint -->
<text class="sm" x="40" y="305">(returns run back to the driver board)</text>
<!-- fixture template: EXT at 150,450,750 ; GF at 300,600 -->
<!-- EXT fixture 150 -->
<g>
<circle class="node" cx="150" cy="50" r="3.2" fill="var(--red)"/>
<line class="wire" x1="150" y1="50" x2="150" y2="76"/>
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<line class="wire" x1="150" y1="142" x2="150" y2="270"/>
<circle class="node" cx="150" cy="270" r="3.2" fill="var(--slate)"/>
<text class="sm" x="128" y="164">porch A</text>
</g>
<!-- GF fixture 300 -->
<g>
<circle class="node" cx="300" cy="50" r="3.2" fill="var(--red)"/>
<line class="wire" x1="300" y1="50" x2="300" y2="76"/>
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<rect class="chip" x="284" y="112" width="32" height="30" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="287" y="131">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="300" y1="142" x2="300" y2="210"/>
<circle class="node" cx="300" cy="210" r="3.2" fill="var(--grn)"/>
<text class="sm" x="280" y="164">GF living</text>
</g>
<!-- EXT fixture 450 (crosses GF bus, no dot) -->
<g>
<circle class="node" cx="450" cy="50" r="3.2" fill="var(--red)"/>
<line class="wire" x1="450" y1="50" x2="450" y2="76"/>
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<line class="wire" x1="450" y1="142" x2="450" y2="270"/>
<circle class="node" cx="450" cy="270" r="3.2" fill="var(--slate)"/>
<text class="sm" x="428" y="164">entry</text>
<text class="sm" x="458" y="205" fill="var(--muted)">← no dot: crosses</text>
<text class="sm" x="458" y="218" fill="var(--muted)">GF bus, not joined</text>
</g>
<!-- GF fixture 600 -->
<g>
<circle class="node" cx="600" cy="50" r="3.2" fill="var(--red)"/>
<line class="wire" x1="600" y1="50" x2="600" y2="76"/>
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<line class="wire" x1="600" y1="96" x2="600" y2="112"/>
<rect class="chip" x="584" y="112" width="32" height="30" rx="3"/><text class="sm" x="587" y="131">220</text>
<line class="wire" x1="600" y1="142" x2="600" y2="210"/>
<circle class="node" cx="600" cy="210" r="3.2" fill="var(--grn)"/>
<text class="sm" x="580" y="164">GF kitchen</text>
</g>
<!-- EXT fixture 750 -->
<g>
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<div class="key">
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--red)"></span>+5V bus (shared)</span>
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--grn)"></span>GF return</span>
<span><span class="sw" style="border-color:var(--slate)"></span>EXT return</span>
<span>· solid dot = tap/join · line crossing with no dot = not connected</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><strong>Daisy-chain, don't home-run:</strong> tap the passing +5V and zone-return buses at each fixture, don't run separate pairs all the way back to the board.</li>
<li><strong>One +5V for the whole house</strong> + <strong>one return per zone</strong> (4 zones → 4 returns; 6 → 6). That's the total wire count out of the board.</li>
<li><strong>Different zones near each other</strong> share the +5V bus but must keep <em>separate</em> return wires, never let two zone returns touch, or they switch together.</li>
<li>Put each <strong>220Ω at the LED</strong> (heat-shrink it) so the buses stay clean two-conductor runs. Color-code: red = +5V, a distinct color per return.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="card">
<table>
<tr><th>Zone</th><th>Pin → 1kΩ → base</th><th>Transistor</th><th>LEDs (each +5V→LED→220Ω→collector)</th></tr>
<tr><td>GF_INT</td><td><code>D3</code></td><td>Q1 (PN2222)</td><td>2, living + kitchen ceilings</td></tr>
<tr><td>UP_INT</td><td><code>D5</code></td><td>Q2</td><td>3, 2 bedroom ceilings, attic</td></tr>
<tr><td>EXT</td><td><code>D6</code></td><td>Q3</td><td>5, porch A/B, entry, deck, balcony</td></tr>
<tr><td>FIRE</td><td><code>D9</code></td><td>Q4</td><td>1, hearth · <b style="color:var(--red)">RED LED</b> (flickers)</td></tr>
<tr><td>scene button</td><td><code>D2</code> → button → GND</td><td>, </td><td>cycles scenes / wakes</td></tr>
<tr><td>section button</td><td><code>D4</code> → button → GND</td><td>, </td><td>spotlight one zone: GF→UP→EXT→FIRE→off</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="card">
<strong>Build & wiring rules</strong>
<ul>
<li>Every zone's transistor: <code>E</code>→GND rail, <code>C</code>→that zone's LED bundle, base←pin through 1kΩ. Legs (flat face toward you): <code>E · B · C</code>.</li>
<li>Every LED: long leg (+) → <code>+5V</code>, short leg (−) → its own 220Ω → the zone's collector. One resistor per LED.</li>
<li>Add more LEDs to a zone by hanging more of these branches in parallel on the same collector.</li>
<li><strong>FIRE zone uses a RED LED</strong>; all other zones warm-white/white. (Color is hardware only, the sketch just sets brightness.)</li>
<li><strong>Two buttons</strong>, each to GND (internal pull-ups, no resistor): <code>D2</code> = scene cycle, <code>D4</code> = section spotlight (one zone at a time). Either wakes from idle.</li>
<li><strong>Power:</strong> USB bank → master switch → diode-OR → +5V rail. Bench-test on computer USB alone. Only ONE 5V source live at a time (the diode-OR makes that safe if both are ever connected).</li>
<li>Common ground everywhere: bank −, Arduino GND, all emitters share the one GND rail.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>